normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd">一、电化学加工的基本原理
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 10.5pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: 1.0">（一）电化学加工过程
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt 3.05pt; TEXT-INDENT: -21pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: -2.0"> 在阴、阳极电极表面发生得失电子的化学反应称为电化学反应。 利用电化学作用为基础对金属进行加工的方法叫电化学加工。
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 10.5pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: 1.0">（二）电解质溶液
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd">凡溶于水后能导电的物质叫做电解质，其水溶液称为电解液。
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd">电解液的重要参数：浓度；电离；pH值。
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd">二、电解加工的主要特点：
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: 2.57">1）加工范围广泛，不受工件硬度限制；
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: 2.57">2）生产率较高；
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: 2.57">3）表面质量好；
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: 2.57">4）加工表面无残余应力、无毛刺；
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: 2.57">5）阴极理论上不会损耗。
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27.1pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: 2.57">三、电解加工存在的主要问题
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: 2.57">1 加工精度偏低
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: 2.57">（重复精度：过程稳定性、间隙测量、复制精度）
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: 2.57">2 生产准备周期长
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: 2.57">（阴极设计、流场设计）
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: 2.57">3 环境影响
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: 2.57">（废液处理）
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: 2.57">电解加工的局限性：
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: 2.57">1）难以获得高加工精度及高加工稳定性；
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: 2.57">2）设备投资较多；
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 27pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: 2.57">3）电解产物可能产生污染，有待处理。
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd">四、电解液
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 10.5pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: 1.0"> （一）电解液的主要作用：
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 10.5pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: 1.0"> 1）作为导电介质传递电流；
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 10.5pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: 1.0"> 2）参与电化学反应；
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 10.5pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: 1.0"> 3）及时带走电解产物及热量，起到更新极间介质状态及冷却的作用。
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 8.9pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: .85"> （二）对电解液的基本要求：
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 8.9pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: .85"> 1）有较高的电导率、离解度；
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 8.9pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: .85"> 2）阴离子不至产生阳极副反应，阳离子不至在阴极发生沉积反应；
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 8.9pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: .85"> 3）阳极反应最终产物为不溶性沉淀；
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 8.9pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: .85"> 4）性能稳定，对设备腐蚀性小，对人无危害，价格低廉，容易得到供应。
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.9pt; TEXT-INDENT: -0.05pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd">五、影响间隙分布（加工间隙）稳定的若干因素
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd"> 电场影响（由电极几何形状决定）；
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd"> 流场影响（氢气的析出、电解液温度的升高）：
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd">六、表面质量
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd"> 晶间腐蚀、流纹、麻点
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd">七、提高电解加工精度的途径
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 17.85pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: 1.7">（一）脉冲电流电解加工
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 17.85pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: 1.7">（1）改善流场特性
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 17.85pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: 1.7"> 充分冲刷电解产物、气泡与热量，使电导率分布基本均匀。
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 17.85pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: 1.7">（2）间隙中存在压力波动，可降低电解液流速。
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 17.85pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: 1.7">（3）电流效率一般高于直流加工，平均电流比直流加工时要低，所以加工去除速度低于直流加工。
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 17.85pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: 1.7">（二）小间隙电解加工
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 17.85pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: 1.7"> 减小加工间隙可以提高加工精度。
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 17.85pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: 1.7">（三）改进电解液
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 17.85pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: 1.7"> 复合型电解液；
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 17.85pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: 1.7"> 低浓度电解液。
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 17.85pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: 1.7">（四）混气电解加工
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 17.85pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: 1.7">1）由于气泡的可压缩性，增加了电解液的电阻率；
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 17.85pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: 1.7">2）电解液的黏度降低，改善了间隙内电解液流动特性，均匀了流场，增加了电解液流速。
normal style="MARGIN: 0cm -25.6pt 0pt -17.95pt; TEXT-INDENT: 17.85pt; mso-para-margin-top: 0cm; mso-para-margin-right: -2.44gd; mso-para-margin-bottom: .0001pt; mso-para-margin-left: -1.71gd; mso-char-indent-count: 1.7"> 不足之处：增添了受控因素；生产率有一定下降；需附加装置等。
气液混合比：混入电解液的气体流量与电解液流量之比。
